ALLERGIC RHINITIS

WHAT IS ALLERGIC RHINITIS?

It is an inflammation of the lining of the nasal cavity. This is due to the immune system being sensitized and overreacts to irritants in the environment. This inflammation is characterized by a blocked nose, rhinorrhoea, sneezing and itching. It is classified by intermittent symptoms (less than four days per week or less than four weeks) or persistent symptoms (more than four days per week or more than four weeks). [1]

TRIGGERS [3]

Outdoor irritants such as grass, pollen, trees, weeds, dust, etc.
Indoor allergens such as pet dander, pet hair, dust mites, mold, etc.
Cigarette smoke, strong perfumes, exhaust fumes.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS [2]

Sneezing.
Conjunctivitis.
Dark circles under the eye.
Dennie-morgan line or puffy eye lids.
Nasal crease and salute.
Long face syndrome: a disorder to which the face grows in an excessive amount in the vertical dimension.
Allergic shiners.
Itchy nostrils, palate or ears.
Nasal obstruction or congestion.
Rhinorrhoea or post nasal drip.

TREATMENT OPTIONS [2; 3]

Intranasal corticosteroids: can be available over the counter.
Antihistamines.
Decongestants.
Nasal steroid sprays: takes several days to kick in.
Leukotrienes pathway inhibitors.
Immunotherapy: can help achieve long term control.

COMPLICATIONS

Otitis media with effusions.
Decreased quality of life.
Long face syndrome.
Sinusitis.

LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS [2; 4]

Avoid triggers.
Avoid using fans which can draw pollen, molds or dust into the house.
Wear sunglasses or normal glasses to protect your eyes from outdoor irritants.
If you are working in your garden wear a pollen mask and take appropriate prophylactic medication beforehand.
Try to hang your clothes indoors instead of outdoors this is to prevent outdoor irritants cling on clothing’s, especially towels and sheets.
Avoid rubbing your eyes when they are irritated.
Wash hands after touching pets and wash clothes after visiting homes of friends who have pets.
Limit outdoor activities and keep windows and doors closed as much as possible during pollen seasons.
Remove carpets from the bedroom.
Try and keep the pets off furniture, out of your bedroom and try to have them washed weekly.
To kill dust mites, wash bedding in hot water.

REFERENCES

Green R.J., Allergol D, Hockman M, Friedman R, Davis M, McDonald M, et al. 2013. Chronic Rhinitis in South Africa. The South African Medical Journal. 103 (6): 419-422.
Allergist [Internet]. Allergic Rhinitis. America: American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; [updated 2018 Jun 02; cited 2019 Aug 13]. Available from: https://acaai.org/allergies/types/hay-fever-rhinitis.
Harvard Medical School [Internet]. Allergic rhinitis: Your nose knows. America: Harvard Health Publishing; [updated 2018 May 21; cited 2019 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/allergic-rhinitis-your-nose-knows.
Mayo Clinic Staff [ Internet]. Seasonal allergies: Nip them in the bud. America: Mayo clinic; [updated 2018 May 12; cited 2019 Aug 12]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hay-fever/in-depth/seasonal-allergies/art-20048343.
Desai, R. [Internet]. Allergic Rhinitis: Osmosis Study video. America: Medscape; [updated 2019 Mar 22, cited 2019 Sep 09]. Available from: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/910183.
Mandhane, S. N., Shah, J.H., Thennati, R. 2011. Allergic rhinitis: An update on disease, present treatments and future prospects. International Immunopharmacology. 11(11): 1646-1662.